稷下學宮客滿堂

2014-11-05 08:37:10 來源:臨汾新聞網(wǎng)   瀏覽次數(shù):

荀子(約公元前313年-公元前238年),名況,字卿,戰(zhàn)國末期趙國人(據(jù)考證為臨汾市安澤縣人),是著名的思想家、文學家、政治家,儒家代表人物之一,時人尊稱“荀卿”。曾三次出任齊國稷下學宮的祭酒,后為楚蘭陵令。

荀子對儒家思想有所發(fā)展,提倡性惡論,其學說常被后人拿來跟孟子的“性善論”比較,荀子對重新整理儒家典籍也有相當顯著的貢獻。司馬遷所寫的《史記·孟子荀卿列傳》記錄了他的生平。荀子于五十歲(有學者認為傳抄時誤將十五改為五十),始來游學于齊國,到襄王時代“最為老師”,“三為祭酒”。后來被逸而適楚,春申君以為蘭陵令,春申君死而荀卿廢,家居蘭陵,韓非、李斯,以及漢初政治家、科學家張蒼均為其門下高足。都是他的入室弟子,亦因為他的兩名弟子為法家代表人物,使歷代有部分學者懷疑荀子是否屬于儒家學者,荀子也因其弟子而在中國歷史上受到許多學者猛烈抨擊。

荀子是第一個使用賦的名稱和用問答體寫賦的人,同屈原一起被稱為“辭賦之祖”。他曾入秦,稱秦國“治之至也”。又到過趙國與臨武君議兵于趙孝成王面前。他的著作集為《荀子》,清末學者譚嗣同在他的《仁學》中這樣評價:兩千年來之學,荀學也,皆鄉(xiāng)愿也。晚年的代表作有《勸學》。

荀子對各家都有所批評,唯獨推崇孔子的思想,認為是最好的治國理念。荀子以孔子的繼承人自居,特別著重地繼承了孔子的“外王學”。他又從知識論的立場上批判地總結和吸收了諸子百家的理論主張,形成了富有特色的“明于天人之分”的自然觀、“化性起偽”的道德觀、“禮儀之治”的社會歷史觀,并在此基礎上,對先秦哲學進行了總結。

荀子的思想偏向于經(jīng)驗以及人事方面,是從社會脈絡方面出發(fā),重視社會秩序,反對神秘主義的思想,重視人為的努力??鬃又行乃枷霝椤叭省?,孟子中心思想為“義”,荀子繼二人后提出“禮”、“法”,重視社會上人們行為的規(guī)范。以孔子為圣人,但反對孟子和子思為首的“思孟學派”哲學思想,認為子弓與自己才是繼承孔子思想的學者。荀子認為人與生俱來就想滿足欲望,若欲望得不到滿足便會發(fā)生爭執(zhí),因此主張人性有惡(詳情參考易中天教授《先秦諸子之百家爭鳴》),須要由圣王及禮法的教化,來“化性起偽”使人格提高。

與孔、孟相比,荀子的思想則具有更多的現(xiàn)實主義傾向。他在重視禮義道德教育的同時,也強調(diào)了政法制度的懲罰作用。

這正是:三為祭酒傳儒學,稷下學宮客滿堂;吸收修正諸家言,“禮法結合”聲名揚。  錫剛

     

責任編輯:柏東麗

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The problematic instruction: ---------- ==> ${tag_bean.title} [on line 146, column 65 in WEB-INF/t/cms/lfxww/lfxww/content/新聞內(nèi)容.html] in user-directive cms_content [on line 145, column 18 in WEB-INF/t/cms/lfxww/lfxww/content/新聞內(nèi)容.html] ---------- Java backtrace for programmers: ---------- freemarker.core.InvalidReferenceException: Expression tag_bean.title is undefined on line 146, column 67 in WEB-INF/t/cms/lfxww/lfxww/content/新聞內(nèi)容.html. at freemarker.core.TemplateObject.assertNonNull(TemplateObject.java:124) at freemarker.core.Expression.getStringValue(Expression.java:118) at freemarker.core.Expression.getStringValue(Expression.java:93) at freemarker.core.DollarVariable.accept(DollarVariable.java:76) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.MixedContent.accept(MixedContent.java:92) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.IfBlock.accept(IfBlock.java:82) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.MixedContent.accept(MixedContent.java:92) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.Environment$1.render(Environment.java:235) at com.viscms.cms.action.directive.ContentDirective.execute(ContentDirective.java:64) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:263) at freemarker.core.UnifiedCall.accept(UnifiedCall.java:126) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.MixedContent.accept(MixedContent.java:92) at freemarker.core.Environment.visit(Environment.java:210) at freemarker.core.Environment.process(Environment.java:190) at freemarker.template.Template.process(Template.java:237) at com.viscms.cms.staticpage.StaticPageDaoImpl.contentStaticFtpall(StaticPageDaoImpl.java:2266) at com.viscms.cms.staticpage.StaticPageSvcImpl.contentFtpall(StaticPageSvcImpl.java:700) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:606) at org.springframework.aop.support.AopUtils.invokeJoinpointUsingReflection(AopUtils.java:317) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.invokeJoinpoint(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:183) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:150) at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor$1.proceedWithInvocation(TransactionInterceptor.java:96) at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport.invokeWithinTransaction(TransactionAspectSupport.java:260) at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor.invoke(TransactionInterceptor.java:94) at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:172) at org.springframework.aop.framework.JdkDynamicAopProxy.invoke(JdkDynamicAopProxy.java:204) at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy65.contentFtpall(Unknown Source) at com.viscms.cms.staticpage.StaticAct.contentSubmitFtp(StaticAct.java:478) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method) at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:57) at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43) at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:606) at org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.support.HandlerMethodInvoker.invokeHandlerMethod(HandlerMethodInvoker.java:176) at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.invokeHandlerMethod(AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.java:440) at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.annotation.AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.handle(AnnotationMethodHandlerAdapter.java:428) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:925) at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:856) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:936) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doPost(FrameworkServlet.java:838) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:650) at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:812) at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:731) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.internalDoFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:303) at org.apache.catalina.core.ApplicationFilterChain.doFilter(ApplicationFilterChain.java:208) at org.apache.tomcat.websocket.server.WsFilter.doFilter(WsFilter.java:52) at 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